Sex ratios and social evolution

Are there other ways of explaining these behaviours? Spiteful behaviours have sometimes also been interpreted as a form of altruism or indirect altruism. Mutually harmful behaviours are favoured if they result in a benefit for some third party that is sufficiently related to the actor. Here, there is no requirement for negative relatedness to one’s victims, and so a distinction has been made between so-called Hamiltonian spite that does rely on negative relatedness and Wilsonian spite that does not. However, this distinction may be more semantic than real, as one can often switch between these two views when considering a particular example of spite, depending on how one chooses to measure genetic relatedness between the perpetrators and the victims of spiteful behaviours.